b'Advanced ResuscitationOxygen AdministrationThe air that we breathe contains 21% oxygen.When we breathe in fresh air, oxygen passes through the mouth, nose and throat down the trachea into the left and right lung. The oxygen then passes through the thin walls of the alveoli and into the bloodstream.Blood contains red and white cells that are suspended in plasma.Oxygen is attracted and suspended by haemoglobin (red cells).The red cells flow in the blood and return to the heart then pass back out to the organs and tissues of the body via the arteries.The haemoglobin releases oxygen to the cells and collects carbon dioxide which is then transported back to the lungs.The transfer of oxygen into the blood and circulation can be obstructed by certain conditions like heart attack, bleeding, poisoning etc.Oxygen deficiency in the body cells and ineffective circulation of oxygenated blood will allow accumulation of poisonous waste.Oxygen is vital for our well being and should be administered to help manage these people in times of injury or illness.The administration of oxygen and use of oxygen delivery devices such as bag valve-mask equipment / oxygen powered resuscitation equipment should only be undertaken by those who are trained in its use.Oxygen should be administered to a patient with signs of cyanosis (blue colouration of skin including major injury (trauma), decompression illness or a situation where carbon monoxide poisoning may have occurred (house fire), irrespective of the patients oxygen saturation or whether pulse oximetry is available.When to specifically administer to a patient:Unconsciousness, breathing difficulty, during Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationAsthma, Anaphylaxis, burns (including inhalation burn injury).Smoke / gas inhalation, poisoning, diving emergencies (decompression illness), drowningDrug overdose, trauma, crush injury, fractures, significant blood loss.NoteA patient who needs supplemental oxygen in a first aid setting requires further evaluation - an ambulance must always be called.Pulse Oximetry is used to measure the oxygen level (or oxygen saturationspO2 ) in the blood (by attaching a small device that normally clips on your finger). It is a non-invasive, painless, general indicator of oxygen delivery to the peripheral tissues. Whilst pulse oximetry is not essential, it may be available in some first aid settings. Normal pulse oximeter readings range from 95 to 100% under most circumstances. Values under 92% are considered low. A patient with an spO2 92% or above does not normally require supplemental oxygen unless there are signs of shock.SpO2 is an indirectmeasurement of the oxygen content of blood (oximetry) where SaO2 is adirectmeasurement of the oxygen content of the blood (arterial blood gas sampling).Oxygen administration IS NOT RECOMMENDED in a patient withSuspected Stroke (CVA) with a sp02 greater than 92%. Chest pain / heart attack sp02 greater than 93%.Presentations in a suspected Stroke, Cardiac related chest pain where there are no signs of shock should be guided by pulse oximetry as excessive oxygen may be harmful.Advanced Resuscitation 241'